Web scraping is growing exponentially as companies and individuals realize the power of extracting publicly available data from websites for competitive intelligence, research, data analytics and more. The web scraping software market is projected to grow from USD 2.0 billion in 2019 to USD 5.2 billion by 2024.
As your web scraping needs grow, you need robust tools that can scale. The two most popular options for scalable scraping are Scrapy and Selenium.
Scrapy is a blazing fast web crawling framework purpose-built for large scale scraping in Python.
Selenium, on the other hand, is a browser automation suite that opens up browsers to load web pages and extract data.
Both excel in their own distinct web scraping niches. To pick the right tool for your needs, you need an in-depth understanding of what each brings to the table.
This guide will cover:
- Fundamental features of Scrapy and Selenium
- Key differences between the two tools
- Pros and cons of each tool
- How Scrapy and Selenium can complement each other
- Recommendations for when to use Scrapy or Selenium
By the end, you‘ll have clarity on whether Scrapy or Selenium is better for your next web scraping project. Let‘s get started!
What is Web Scraping?
Web scraping refers to the automated extraction of data from websites through scripts and software tools like Scrapy and Selenium. The scraper programmatically sends HTTP requests to websites, extracts information from the HTML, and stores the scraped data.
Common web scraping use cases:
- Price monitoring – Track prices for market research
- Lead generation – Build marketing and sales prospect databases
- News monitoring – Gather news from multiple sites
- Research – Compile data from public websites
- SEO – Analyze competitor sites for backlink building
- Machine learning – Create training datasets
Web scraping can raise legal concerns if done excessively on websites that disallow it. Make sure to check a website‘s terms and conditions before scraping. Also, use throttling to scrape respectfully.
Now let‘s look at how Scrapy and Selenium allow you to extract data from websites.
Inside Scrapy – Purpose-Built for Web Scraping
Scrapy is an open source Python web crawling and scraping framework designed from the ground up for large scale structured data extraction from websites.
Key components of Scrapy architecture:
Spiders
The scraping logic for scraping one or multiple sites is encapsulated in Spider classes. Each Spider class defines how pages from a domain will be crawled and scraped.
For example:
class MySpider(CrawlSpider):
name = ‘myspider‘
allowed_domains = [‘www.site.com‘]
start_urls = [‘http://www.site.com/categories‘]
rules = (
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r‘items‘), callback=‘parse_item‘),
)
def parse_item(self, response):
yield {
‘name‘: response.xpath(‘//div[@class="name"]/text()‘).get(),
‘url‘: response.url
}
This spider would crawl www.site.com
, extract product details from each item page and yield Python dicts containing the scraped data.
Requests
Scrapy has its ownRequest objects to represent HTTP requests generated during the crawl. The Request object encapsulates metadata about the request like headers and body.
Scrapy handles requests asynchronously in a non-blocking way by using Twisted, a Python asynchronous networking framework. This asynchronous architecture allows very high crawl speeds since multiple requests are fired concurrently.
Responses
The response objects contain the HTTP response body along with headers and status codes. Scrapy Response objects provide a consistent interface to access this response data.
Items
The scraped data from pages is encapsulated in Items, which are custom Python classes that represent the scraped data. Items provide an API to access the extracted data in an organized way during processing.
For example:
import scrapy
class ProductItem(scrapy.Item):
name = scrapy.Field()
price = scrapy.Field()
stock = scrapy.Field()
Pipelines
Once extracted, the scraped Items pass through configurable Pipelines that allow processing the data as needed before storage. Common pipelines include:
- Data cleansing and validation
- Deduplication
- Storing to databases
- Sending data to REST APIs
- Caching for faster processing
Exports
Scrapy provides built-in mechanisms to easily export scraped data in popular formats like JSON, CSV and XML. You can plug in custom data stores via pipelines.
Throttling
Scrapy comes with AutoThrottle extension that automatically throttles request speed based on load. This prevents overwhelming target sites.
Using these components, Scrapy makes it easy to quickly write complex scraping spiders tailored to your sites.
Inside Selenium – A Browser Automation Tool
Selenium is an open source test automation framework used for automating web browsers like Chrome, Firefox and Edge. It provides tools to drive browsers natively or remotely to load web pages and extract data.
Key components of Selenium suite:
- Selenium WebDriver – API to control browser and fetch page source
- Selenium IDE – GUI tool to develop Selenium test scripts
- Selenium Grid – Enables distributed testing across multiple machines
Selenium supports multiple languages like Java, C#, Python, JavaScript etc. for writing test scripts.
A simple Selenium Python scraper:
from selenium import webdriver
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get(‘http://www.site.com‘)
name = driver.find_element(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ‘.name‘).text
price = driver.find_element(By.XPATH, ‘//*[@class="price"]‘).text
print(name, price)
driver.quit()
This initializes a Chrome browser, loads a page, extracts elements through selectors and prints the data.
Selenium Locators
Selenium uses locators like XPath and CSS Selectors to find web elements you want to interact with or extract data from.
WebDriver API
Selenium provides a WebDriver API with methods for browser interactions like:
- Navigation –
driver.get()
,driver.back()
,driver.refresh()
etc. - Inputs –
send_keys()
,click()
,submit()
etc. - Alerts & Popups –
accept_alert
,dismiss_alert
etc.
Overall, Selenium focuses on automation and testing of web apps across browsers. It can also enable scraping through browser automation.
Key Differences Between Scrapy and Selenium
Now that we‘ve seen inside both tools, let‘s summarize some of the fundamental differences between Scrapy and Selenium:
Criteria | Scrapy | Selenium |
---|---|---|
Purpose | Web scraping & crawling | Browser testing & automation |
Language | Python | Java, C#, Python, JS, Ruby etc. |
Execution speed | Very fast | Slower |
Scraping use cases | Small to large scale projects | Small to medium scale scraping |
Scalability | Highly scalable | Limited scalability |
Asynchronous | Yes | No |
Selectors | XPath & CSS | XPath & CSS |
Dynamic content | No inbuilt support | Fully handles JS pages |
Browser support | None | All major browsers |
Headless mode | No | Yes |
Browser interaction | None | Full support |
As you can see, Scrapy is built from ground up for high performance web scraping. Selenium offers browser automation that can also enable scraping.
Next, let‘s look at the pros and cons of each tool in more detail.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Scrapy and Selenium
Scrapy Pros
Speed – Scrapy is extremely fast thanks to its asynchronous architecture and being purpose-built for scraping. It can crawl hundreds of pages per second concurrently.
Scalability – Scrapy scales seamlessly as you can spin up many spiders to scrape simultaneously. It‘s built to handle scraping at massive scale.
Scraping focused – Components like spiders, pipelines, exports are designed specifically for scraping workflows.
Maintainable – Scrapy code is modular with clear separation of scraping logic, parsing, processing and storage.
Portability – Scrapy code is written in Python and runs anywhere Python can run.
Customizable – Extensions, middlewares and signals provide ample flexibility to customize scraping behavior.
Scrapy Cons
No browser – Since it doesn‘t use a browser, Scrapy can‘t render JavaScript or interact with pages requiring logins.
Steep learning curve – Scrapy has a complex architecture with many components so the initial learning curve can be steep.
Python only – Scrapy code can only be written in Python limiting language options.
Selenium Pros
Cross-browser – Selenium supports all major browsers like Chrome, Firefox, Safari, Edge etc.
Language flexibility – Selenium libraries available in Java, Python, C#, Ruby, JavaScript etc.
Dynamic content – Executes JavaScript allowing dynamic page scraping.
Browser simulation – Automates browser actions like clicks, scrolls, form-fills. Helps mimic real users.
Headless operation – Browsers can run in headless mode without UI for faster testing.
Easy to start – Simple Selenium scripts with browser automation can be written fast.
Selenium Cons
Slower performance – Browser automation adds significant overhead limiting speed and scalability.
Brittle tests – Tests may break with minor application changes since they rely on elements on pages.
Complex UI handling – Dealing with complex UIs and popups can overcomplicate Selenium scripts.
Requires browsers – Needs browsers installed limiting it to operating systems with browser support.
Not optimized for scraping – Selenium isn‘t designed for high volume automated scraping.
So in summary, Selenium is better suited for smaller scale scraping and testing needs where dynamic content and browser interactions are required. Scrapy works best for large scale scraping of static content.
Scraping Approaches Compared
Now let‘s see how the web scraping process differs between Scrapy and Selenium for a hypothetical project.
Scraping books data from ecommerce site using Scrapy
spider.py
class BooksSpider(CrawlSpider):
name = ‘books_spider‘
allowed_domains = [‘books.com‘]
start_urls = [‘http://books.com/‘]
rules = (
Rule(LinkExtractor(allow=r‘/books/‘), callback=‘parse_book‘),
)
def parse_book(self, response):
yield {
‘title‘: response.css(‘h1.title::text‘).get(),
‘price‘: response.css(‘.price::text‘).get(),
‘image‘: response.css(‘img.cover::attr(src)‘).get(),
}
pipelines.py
class BooksPipeline:
def process_item(self, item, spider):
return item
main.py
from scrapy.crawler import CrawlerProcess
from spiders import BooksSpider
from pipelines import BooksPipeline
process = CrawlerProcess()
process.crawl(BooksSpider)
process.start()
This Scrapy spider would crawl the books site extracting details for each book into a Python dict. The pipeline would validate and return the scraped item.
To scale up, more spiders can be added and run in parallel.
Scraping books data using Selenium
from selenium import webdriver
from selenium.webdriver.common.by import By
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get("http://books.com")
books = driver.find_elements(By.CSS_SELECTOR, ".book")
for book in books:
title = book.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, ‘title‘).text
price = book.find_element(By.CLASS_NAME, ‘price‘).text
print(title, price)
driver.quit()
This Selenium script initializes a Chrome browser, loads the books page, locates book elements, extracts details and prints them.
Scaling up requires running multiple browser instances in parallel. But browsers are memory intensive limiting how much you can scale.
As you can see, Scrapy provides greater flexibility and customization for scraping compared to Selenium. Next, let‘s look at how the two can work together.
Integrating Selenium with Scrapy for Scraping
Scrapy and Selenium can complement each other in certain cases:
- Use Selenium to render JavaScript heavy pages, then pass the page source to Scrapy for structured data extraction.
- When interactions like clicks, logins are required, Selenium can automate that while Scrapy parses the pages.
- For large sites where most pages are static but some require JavaScript rendering, use Scrapy for static pages and Selenium for JavaScript pages.
Here is one way to integrate Selenium with Scrapy:
from selenium import webdriver
class JSSpider(scrapy.Spider):
# Selenium webdriver initialized
driver = webdriver.Chrome()
start_urls = [‘http://www.site.com/js-page‘]
def parse(self, response):
# Pass off URL to Selenium to load
self.driver.get(response.url)
# Wait for JavaScript elements to load
self.driver.implicitly_wait(10)
# Get page source after JS execution
selenium_response = TextResponse(url=response.url,
body=self.driver.page_source,
encoding=‘utf-8‘)
# Pass Selenium response for Scrapy to parse
return self.parse_page(selenium_response)
def parse_page(self, response):
...
This spider uses Selenium to load the JavaScript-heavy page, waits for all elements to render, then passes the page source to Scrapy‘s response for parsing and extraction.
When Should You Use Scrapy or Selenium?
Scrapy works best when:
- You need to scrape extremely large volumes of pages and data
- Sites don‘t require logins or complex interactions
- Most pages are static without heavy JavaScript
- You are comfortable with Python and Scrapy‘s architecture
- Speed and customizability are critical for your scraping needs
Selenium is most suitable when:
- You need to extract smaller datasets, or scrape occasionally
- Sites require logins or complex interactions before getting to data
- You want cross-browser support for testing
- Dealing with heavy JavaScript pages
- Prototyping a scraper quickly without the learning curve of Scrapy
If you need both dynamic page rendering and large scale scraping, combining Selenium and Scrapy may be the best approach.
Conclusion
Scrapy and Selenium both enable building scrapers but with different philosophies.
Scrapy is ideal for large scale, production scraping of static sites with its speed and customizability.
Selenium suits smaller scrapers where browser automation, JavaScript execution is needed.
Evaluate your specific needs like scale, page types, language preferences, required interactions etc. to pick the right tool.
For large but primarily static sites, Scrapy should be the first choice. For small scale scraping of complex dynamic sites, Selenium is easier to get started.
In some cases, integrating both together combines the best of both worlds.
I hope this detailed comparison of Scrapy vs Selenium for web scraping helps you decide the best approach for your next project!